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| A Pacific-bound chemical tanker enters the Miraflores locks. This is the view from the Miraflores Visitors Center.
I’ve always been interested in the Panama Canal – in how the United States created the country of Panama so it
could build the canal, how tropical diseases were conquered so that workers
could live long enough to get the job done, how the United States agreed in
1977 to turn the canal over to Panama, and, mostly, how the canal gently lifts
giant ships over the continental divide.
Now, in 2014, the canal’s 100th year¸ Panama is trying mightily to
expand it with new locks for ships that are too large for a canal designed over
a century ago. The actual anniversary
will be in August. The Ancon, an American steamship, made the first official transit
of the canal on August 15, 1914, though ships used in the canal’s construction
had been making the transit since January of that year.
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A mid-winter vacation to Panama offered a chance to see the canal up close. A few years ago, we rented a narrow boat and traveled canals in England and northern Wales with another couple, which involved getting out and using hand cranks to open and close gates to go up and down locks. In Panama, my wife and I booked a full transit, traveling north-northwest from the Pacific to the Caribbean, for a canal experience on a larger scale. Our excursion boat, operated by Canal and Bay Tours (click HERE for its website), offers full transits – including breakfast and lunch buffets – only on the first Saturday of each month. Half-transits, from Panama City to Gamboa, are offered every Saturday.
5:45 a.m. Pick up at hotel. (Click HERE for my New York Times review of our hotel, the Waldorf Astoria Panama.)
Way too early to be awake in Panama
City, we boarded a bus that was collecting people from various downtown hotels.
It took us to the Amador Causeway, where my wife, Jane, and I had bicycled the
day before. The mile-and-a-half causeway,
built over a century ago with rocks and soil excavated during construction of
the canal, links the mainland with three small islands at the Pacific entrance
to the canal.
6:55 a.m. Board boat
at an Amador Causeway marina.
After a bit of a wait, we’re given wrist
bands that identify us as full-transit passengers – about half the people
starting out with us are going only halfway.
The boat is the Tuira II, with two decks of open-air seating. Its capacity is listed at 450 passengers, but
it looks as if our fellow canal enthusiasts are perhaps only half that number. Almost all the passengers are speaking
Spanish, though German, French and English can also be heard. A couple of
people are carrying copies of David McCullough’s 1977 book “The Path Between
the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870 – 1914,” appropriate reading
for this trip.
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| Melvyn Oller, our boat's guide. |
7:40 a.m. Boat leaves
marina.
Our bilingual guide introduces himself
over the P.A. system: Melvyn Oller. He tells me later that he’s been a guide
with Canal & Bay Tours for 12 years, but that it’s been eight years since
he’s made a complete transit. You’d never know it from the wealth of canal
statistics, trivia and other information that he has at the tip of his tongue.
7:50 a.m. Idling in
Panama Bay, waiting for a canal pilot.
Captains do not take their own ships
though the canal, not even a relatively small boat like ours. Every craft is
commanded by a canal pilot. Melvyn says there are 298 canal pilots, two of whom
are women.
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| A canal pilot jumps onto our boat. |
7:55 a.m. Canal pilot jumps from a launch onto our boat. We move
into the canal channel.
Boats do not go through the canal for
free. Fees for a one-way transit start
at $800 for boats less than 50 feet. Our
117-foot excursion boat is charged $3,200, Melvyn says, and the fees go up to
at least $429,000, which he says is what the 965-foot-long, 105-foot-wide cruise
ship Norwegian Pearl pays. There are
additional charges for the use of tugboats and for lines that keep ships from
scraping the sides of the locks. (The lowest fee ever was 36 cents in 1928,
paid by the American adventurer Richard Halliburton when he swam the canal.) The
Panama Canal Authority reports that it contributed over $1 billion to the
national treasury in 2011.
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| We approach the Bridge of the Americas. |
8:30 a.m. We pass under the Bridge of the Americas.
We’re cruising past the port of Balboa, with docked
ships, shipping containers and cranes lining the shore, when we encounter this
mile-long, four-lane bridge. When it opened
in 1962, it was the first fixed bridge over the canal, and today it’s one of
only two fixed bridges. (There’s still a
moveable bridge at the Gatun locks.) The bridge’s clearance, 201 feet at high
tide, sets a height limit for ships going through the canal. A third bridge is
planned near the Caribbean entrance.
9:35 a.m. Approaching the Miraflores locks. We wait for a
Caribbean-bound freighter to clear the first starboard lock so we can enter.
All ships use their own power to move
through the canal, even entering and leaving the locks. We see thick cables connecting ships with
locomotives, called mules, on the sides of the locks. These cables keep ships
centered in the locks and away from the concrete sides; they do not pull the
ships through. There’s no way for us to
know why the freighter isn’t advancing into the next lock.
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| Wind Spirit precedes us into a lock at Miraflores. |
9:55 a.m. We head instead for the first port lock, following
Wind Spirit, a sailing cruise ship out of Nassau.
Melvyn says the pilot has been told to move to
the other set of locks – all the canal’s original locks are parallel twins that
operate separately, so two large ships can advance at the same time or pass
each other. The canal operators try to maximize traffic in the locks to save
energy and water – a full transit uses all three Pacific and all three Atlantic
locks and releases 52 million gallons of fresh water to the sea – so our boat
and the 440-foot Wind Spirit, one of the Windstar line’s cruising yachts, will share
locks all the way through to the Caribbean.
The locks are 1,050 feet long and 110 feet wide and can handle ships up
to 965 feet long and 106 feet wide. A
lot of large birds hover over the water just below the gate, the point at which
the fresh water of the canal abruptly meets the salt water of the sea, sending
fresh-water fish into distress and making them easy picking for egrets, herons,
hawks and pelicans.
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| Gates close behind us so that our chamber can fill with water. |
10:10 a.m. Gates close
behind us and chutes in the bottom fill the lock with water. The concrete walls
appear to slide down as our boat calmly rises about 27 feet.
We’ll
be moving through fresh water from now until we leave the last lock at the
Caribbean end. Our boat is not connected to the mules – guide ropes tied to the
sides of the lock are used instead. As it is, we’re so close to one side of the
lock that I can reach out and touch the concrete wall. Melvyn says that all the
concrete walls are original and were made using Portland cement from the United
States. He also tells us that all the
gates on the canal are original, made more than a century ago in Pittsburgh,
though temporary gates are installed from time to time when the original gates
are removed for maintenance. Mom was
right – take care of your things and they’ll last a long time.
10:21 a.m. The lock's first chamber is full and we're waiting
for the gate ahead to open so we can follow Wind Star into the next chamber,
which happens at 10:23.
The gates open when the water level of
our lock is the same as the level of the lock or channel we’re moving into. The
gates resemble giant double doors that swing open. Closed, they from a shallow
“V” shape with the point facing upstream. Watching us is a crowd at the
Miraflores Visitors Center, which is a short cab ride from Panama City and
which Jane and I visited a couple of days earlier. It has great views of the locks, a good restaurant,
and a three-level museum that explains the history and construction of the
canal. There’s also a distant view of
new, larger locks being built to handle “New Panamax” ships. “Panamax” is the term for the largest ships
that can be handled by the original locks.
“Post-Panamax” is the term for any ship that exceeds those dimensions,
and “New Panamax” is the term for ships that will fit into the new locks, which
will be 1,400 feet long and 180 feet wide, allowing passage of ships 1,200 feet
long and 161 feet wide. Tugs will accompany every ship into the new locks,
which will recycle much of the fresh water they use.
10:50 a.m. We leave the
Miraflores Locks and enter Miraflores Lake.
The two locks at Miraflores have put us 54
feet above sea level. Miraflores Lake is
one of two artificial lakes created in the construction of the canal. Ships using the new locks will take a new
channel from the new three-stage Miraflores Locks to the Culebra Cut, bypassing
Miraflores Lake and the Pedro Miguel Lock.
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| The century-old concrete walls of the Pedro Miguel Lock are close enough for us to reach out and touch. |
11:25 a.m. We reach the Pedro Miguel Lock, follow Wind Spirit
into the chamber and are lifted about 31 feet.
Pedro Miquel raises us another 31 feet,
putting us 85 feet above sea level, high enough for us to cross the continental
divide.
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| See how the mountain was carved away for the Culebra Cut. |
11:45 a.m. We leave Pedro Miguel and enter the Culebra
Cut.
This 8.5-mile section, also known as
the Gaillard Cut, is too narrow in places for ships going in opposite
directions to pass each other. Trying to
cut a channel through Culebra Ridge was the stopping point in the late 1800s
for the French effort to build the canal.
The American accomplishment – using labor mainly from the West Indies –
in dynamiting and digging the channel remains one of the world’s great feats of
engineering. The cut was lowered from
194 feet above sea level to 39 feet before it was flooded. More than 100
million cubic yards of rock and soil were removed (remember the Amador
Causeway?). Edward Berger, a professor
of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of Virginia,
regularly takes students to Panama to study the canal and its effects on
politics, economics, culture and the environment. “Nobody ever appreciates how big the canal is, or how narrow
the Culebra Cut is, until they see it in person,” he says. Steep stony hillsides still show how rock was
cut in the creation of the canal. The
Culebra Cut’s channel is being deepened and widened as part of the current
expansion project.
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| Wind Spirit motors beneath the Centennial Bridge. |
Noon. We pass under the Centennial Bridge.
Spanning the Culebra Cut is the Centennial
Bridge, completed in 2004 and named in honor of the Panama’s 1903 proclamation
of independence from Colombia. The bridge
is part of the Pan-American Highway.
12:51 p.m. We meet our first Pacific-bound ship, a
freighter.
Ships enter the canal from each end in
the mornings, pass each other during the day and exit in the evenings. There
are about 40 complete transits each day, roughly 20 in each direction. We’ll see several more freighters, tankers
and car carriers over the afternoon.
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| El Renacer prison, as seen from the canal. |
Melvyn tells us we can’t see the
specific building at El Renacer prison, where Noriega, 80, has
been serving a sentence since 2011 for human rights
violations dating to his rule in Panama.
This follows almost two decades in American and French prisons.
12:55
p.m. We pass where the Chagres River feeds into the Culebra Cut and Gatun Lake.
The Chagres River – born in a jungle that
gets over 100 inches of rain a year – once flowed only into the Caribbean. United States engineers built a dam to control
that flow and form Gatun Lake, and created the Culebra Cut to divert some of
the Chargres’s flow to the Pacific. It’s
the only river in the world whose waters flow, albeit though artificial
channels and locks, into two oceans. Its flow not only keeps Gatun Lake filled,
it supplies the water that makes the locks possible – and it supplies drinking
water to both Colón and Panama City, the cities at
each end of the canal. For decades,
there was virtually no development in the 10-mile-wide Canal Zone controlled by
the United States, which had the happy effect of preserving much of the Chagres
River’s watershed.
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| A canal tugboat docked at Gamboa. |
1 p.m. We tie up at a pier in Gamboa so the people who were
doing half-transits can disembark.
We stop
at a Panama Canal Authority pier alongside several of its 36 tugboats. Our half-transit passengers leave the boat here
and immediately board buses for the return to Panama City, completely missing
what makes Gamboa a popular destination.
The Gamboa Rainforest Resort, which welcomes day-trippers from Panama
City, offers a variety of wildlife and birding tours, an aerial tram through a
forest canopy and a variety of exhibitions on jungle creatures and plants. Of
course, we miss all of this, too, seeing only the jungle’s edge from the canal
1:15 p.m. We enter Gatun Lake.
Gatun
Lake accounts for 21 of the canal’s total 50 miles. When it was built, it was
the world’s largest artificial lake at 164 square miles. It’s at the same elevation – 85 feet above
sea level – as the Culebra Cut. Plenty of room here for giant ships to pass
each other.
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| A Pacific-bound car carrier passes Barro Colorado. |
2:30 p.m. We pass Barro Colorado, a 5,000-acre island that is
home to the Smithsonian's Tropical Research station.
What were once hills became islands when Gatun
Lake filled with water. One of these is Barro
Colorado, a biological reserve administered by the Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute. Like Gamboa, it’s a
popular daytrip out of Panama City.
There are trails to hike and an interactive loop that takes about three
hours. Talk about biodiversity. The island boasts 480 species of trees, 70
kinds of bats, 384 species of birds, and so on.
From the boat, we see only its heavily wooded shore. This juxtaposition
of primal wilderness, artificial waterways and giant ships intrigued one of our
fellow passengers on the Tuira II. “What I most looked forward to in the
canal transit was the sense of the balance between this huge project and the
landscape,” says David William Foster, a professor of Latin American studies at
Arizona State. “I’m fascinated by how
the nature of the region seems to have absorbed the canal and by the sense of
serenity as we traverse the man-made Gatun Lake.”
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| Cranes at the site of the new, larger Gatun Locks. |
3:37 p.m. We pass the new
Gatun Locks Visitors' Center, which overlooks the huge construction site of the
new Gatun Locks.
The expansion project is in the news during our
trip to Panama. The contractor, a
consortium of Spanish, Italian, Belgian and Panamanian companies¸ is claiming
cost overruns of $1.6 billion. The
Panama Canal Authority has balked at paying that amount, and its public
relations office has been cranking out press releases assuring that the expansion
is still on track, even when work is temporarily halted. The project is about
two-thirds complete, and Edward Berger at the University of Virginia is
optimistic about it. “The expansion will be completed, and it's fascinating and
impressive work,” he says. “The vision is absolutely audacious. We drove down
into the project to see the scale of the locks – it’s an astounding amount of
concrete to manufacture and pour, and seeing it first-hand made a huge impact
on my students. A project like this is bound to run a little bit late,
but it's exciting to think it's only a year or so from completion.”
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| Gigantic gates for the new locks await installation. |
3:45 p.m. We enter the first of the three Gatun Locks; this time
a canal tugboat and Wind Spirit are behind us in the lock. At 4:58 we leave
Gatun’s third lock and enter the Caribbean.
The three locks have taken us down 85 feet
and we’re again at sea level. We pass the Caribbean entrance to the new channel
that eventually will take ships to the new Gatun locks. On the shore we see four huge gates, made in
Italy,that will be used in the new locks.
These gates – 189 feet long, almost 33 feet thick, 99 feet high and 3,100 tons – will slide in and out of the canal walls. I
can’t help but wonder if they will last a century or more.
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| The Celebrity Equinox is too big for the original canal. |
5:18 p.m. We pass the
Caribbean entrance to the new channel that will eventually take New Panamax
ships to the new Gatun Locks, and by 5:50 we’re in Colón harbor.
We dock near a cruise ship, the Celebrity
Equinox, which at 1,033 feet long and 121 feet wide is too large for the
current canal but will fit comfortably
in the expanded canal.
6:15 p.m. We dock and
board buses, and by 8 p.m. we’re back at our hotel.
We’ve been in two oceans, crossed a
continental divide – and traveled between 1914 and 2014.
